Chapter #11: Triumphs and Travails of the Jeffersonian Republic – Big Picture Themes
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Marbury v. Madison
It was a supreme court case that was ruled by John Marshall. Marbury sued Madison because Jefferson didn't let him become a judge. It established Judicial review.
Henry Clay
He was a congressman and a leader of the war hawks. He also had a plan for developing the US. It was called Henry Clay's American System.
Essex Junto
This was a group of New England states that wanted to separate from America and become their own country/nation, led by Aaron Burr.
Burr Conspiracy
Burr's supposed connection with the New England secession/Essex junto. A plan to create a new nation in Louisiana Territory.
Impressment
When British sailors/navy capture Am. ships and make their sailors go into the British Navy. Basically, it's when the British were kidnapping Americans and making them work in the British Navy.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
When a british ship tries to impress soldiers on the American ship Chesapeake. The Am. refuse to surrender and the British opened fire on the Chesapeake, killing 3 and wounding 18. All of it was seen off the Am. coast.
Non-intercourse Act
This reopened foreign trade with everyone except Britain and France. This came after the Embargo Act, as an appeasement of sorts.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
This forbid trade with Britain or France but stated that they will restart trade with whichever country that repealed their restrictions on trade first. France was first, it didn't end well for America though.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison defeated tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe, it was a victory for America.
War Hawks
Young hotheads, many from south and west, they were opponents of federalists. They were tired of hearing how their fathers defeated the British and they hated the manhandling of Am. sailors and the British Orders in Council that stopped Am. trade. Western war hawks wanted to wipe out the new indian threat.
Battle of Horseshoe bend
Jackson and some Cherokees defeated the Creeks and opened up southwest settlement.
Hartford Convention
This was a meeting of federalists at the end of the War of 1812. The party listed it's complaints against the Republicans, but this was viewed as traitorous to the country and they lost their influence.
Treaty of Ghent
This is a treaty where England and the US announced cease fire(1814). This treaty maintained prewar conditions.
Treaty of Greenville – 1795
This led the U.S to recognize the indians as a sovereignty. It ended the Northwest Indian War and gave America Ohio.
Battle of New Orleans
The British army tries to take over New Orleans but Jackson defeated them. This battle happened 2 weeks after the peace treaty; no one knew about it yet. This victory inspired American Nationalism.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
For Adam and the federalists, their Alien and Sedition Acts brought them down a lot because it caused them to have a host of enemies; also, the federalists all got ready for war by increasing public debt, a stamp tax, etc. but they didn't go to war so it was all for nothing. Also, the federalist party split and Hamilton wrote a pamphlet that attacked the president, which the Jeffersonians found and printed; also, he was the "Father of the American Navy" and his seamen were called "John Adams' Jackasses". For Jefferson, he was the victim of the first whispering campaign and accused of robbing a widow and her kids a trust fund and he fathered many mulatto children with his slave Sally Hemings. Also, his want for the separation of church and state caused many to go against him.
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
Yes, because that was the end of the federalists, John Adams was the last of the federalist presidents. Also, it was a really close election. There was a deadlock and House of Reps had to decide and Jefferson just pulled through. Also, Jefferson couldn't have won without Aaron Burr because he convinced NY to Jefferson's side.
3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Yes, because while their time was short, they helped jump start America. They created the bank and they had a huge influence on America. Without them, we wouldn't have much of anything that wasn't strictly on the constitution. Even Jefferson agreed, though he didn't like it.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
It was revolutionary in a peaceful way. Jefferson set the precedent of sending a clerk to Congress for messages and he was an informal, down-to-earth, with the people president. He kept many of the federalist ideas and let many of the federalist public servants stay in office. Also, importantly, Jefferson established the rule of pell-mell at dinner parties, which means there was no seating with regards to rank; it miffed some people.
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
While Jefferson did do away with the excise tax, he left everything else Hamilton did intact. He and his Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin left the funding at par, Bank of the U.S, the mildly protective Federalist tariff alone. Also, they rechartered a bigger bank and boosted the protective tariff to higher levels later on.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
John Marshall dominated the supreme court with his powerful intellect and commanding personality. He shaped the American legal tradition. Marbury, a midnight judge, was being released from of being a judge and so he sued Madison. Marshall dismissed the suit but he used his ruling to show the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that Marbury tried to use was wrong and in doing so, he magnified the authority of the court and it was a victory for the federalists.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
After war was declared indirectly by the pasha of Tripoli, Jefferson had to rise up and dispatch the infant navy to the shores of Tripoli; after 5 years, Jefferson got a treaty in 1805 with a ransom for captured Ams.
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
One way would've been there could've been another major battle/war with France and Spain over New Orleans. Another is that westward expansion wouldn't have been kick started and since the land wasn't America's any expansion would've caused fights; and America wouldn't be as big and as it is today.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
It let Jefferson avoid a confrontation with France and a messy alliance with England. Also, America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world and laid the foundations of a future major power. It also set valuable precedents for future expansion and getting land by purchasing them. What's more is, it led to the expansion of America and explorers like Lewis and Clark and Zebulun Pike charted out America.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The British issued a series of Orders in Council which closed the Euro ports under French control to foreign shipping unless the vessels stopped at a British port first, which also means America. And the French ordered a seizure of all merchant ships that entered the British ports, including American. Which meant America was stuck. Also the British used impressment, they took about 6,000 Americans and when the British tried to impress the ship Chesapeake, and they refused, they attacked the ship.
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
All the citizens, the southern states had tobacco and cotton and etc piling up and the economy went down a lot. The New England states even talked about secession. This even gave a spark to the dying/dead federalists against the Republicans. Three days before the end of Jefferson's presidency they made the Non-Intercourse Act, which didn't help much because it still banned trade with England and France.
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
He, in a way, blackmailed America and Madison. Napoleon said that the French might repeal their prohibiting decrees if Madison traded only with France; Napoleon thought that the U.S could be a blockade for them against France and he wouldn't have to lift a finger. So America passed Macon's Bill No. 2 and it gave the British 3 months to repeal their decrees, which they didn't.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
They were tired of hearing about generations past defeating the British and hated the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council that stopped Am. trade. They also wanted to wipe out the renewed Indian threat like Tecumseh and the Prophet. The Indians made an alliance with Britain and fought for them.
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
Pro-British Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans' sympathy with Napoleon. The federalists also opposed the acquisition of Canada, with would benefit the west states.
Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism –
1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans.
2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war.
3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy.
4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!”
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Rush-Bagot Agreement
1817, The US and British agreed to severely limit naval armament on the lakes. This brought better relations.
Second Bank of the United States
Voted by Congress in 1816, it rose. According to Clay's plan, it provides easy and abundant credit.
Francis Cabot Lowell
He was an importer who smuggled British textile factory designs to Am. and he built the first factory that could convert raw cot ton into cloth by machine. He mostly employed single women and it was a good environment.
Era of Good Feelings
It was right after the War of 1812 and nationalism, expansionism, and industrial growth was abundant and political separation wasn't. It's also a happy phrase that has been used to describe the administrations of Monroe. It's a misnomer because while there was lots of tranquility and prosperity, it was a troubled period.
Adams-Onis Treaty
It's where Spain gave Florida to the US and the US agreed to pay the 5 million dollars of damage that Jackson caused and temporarily gave up Texas.
Panic of 1819
Economic panic defended upon the US. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors' prisons. This was the first national financial panic since Washington. Created backwashes in the political and social world. People became cruel.
Tallmadge Amendment
House of Reps passed the tallmadge amendment, it said that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. This angered the southerners.
Missouri Compromise
The south won the prize of Missouri as an unrestricted slave state and the north won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining states. Neither the north or south was super happy but they weren't completely happy either.
John Marshall
A supreme court judge, one group of his most famous decisions bolstered the power of the federal gov. at the expense of the states. A case was McCulloch v. Maryland, he declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers and he strengthened federal authority and denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. He ruled over many other cases.
Latin American Revolution
America was happy when the Latin American republics rose from the ruins of monarchy. They were scared that if the European powers intervened in the new world the republicanism cause would be harmed.
Monroe Doctrine
In 1823, nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. Monroe told the congress on Dec. 2 1823 a warning to the European powers, non colonization and nonintervention. Basically, he declared that the Us would stay out of European wars/affairs and European powers should do the same for the newly independent states of Latin America.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
The American navy did much better than the army and in comparison to British ships, they were more skillful and had better gunners and were manned by non-press-gang crews who wanted to avenge the indignities. The Am. frigates had thicker sides, heavier firepower and larger crews. Oliver Hazard Perry an Am naval officer beat the British in a battle on Lake Erie and gave Am hope again. The victory of the heroic naval battle, won my Thomas Macdonough, was momentous.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
No, it had it's bad defense, the burning of the capitol, and it had its good, Fort McHenry (where Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner). But in the Battle of New Orleans, led by Jackson, while they did defeat the British with very little loss comparatively (the British lost/wounded around 2,000 while the Am only 70) this was 2 weeks after the war officially ended and the British got revenge by ruining Am's economy.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
No, it was essentially an armistice, both sides just agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. Some Americans boasted "Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost".
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
Late 1814, before the victory of New Orleans, a convention of federalists made up of 26 met in secrecy for 3 weeks. Dec. 15, 1814----Jan 5, 1815 to discuss their discontent and seek redress for their wrongs. It wasn't as radical as thought to be. A minority demanded secession but most just wanted financial aid from Washington to make up for the lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo, new states admitted, or war declared. These reflected federalist fears. 3 envoys were sent to Washington with these demands and were overwhelmed by the news of the Battle of NO and the ToG. So after the great news, their demands were seen as petty and the Hartford resolutions were the death of the Federalist party.
The Second War for American Independence
5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
It showed the world that the Republic had shown that it would resist what it regarded as wrong. Other nations developed a new respect for America's fighting prowess and abroad emissaries were treated with less scorn. The Federalist party was dispersed and treaties were made with the Indians. The U.S and Canada came to share the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi). The Americans turned their backs on the Old World and faced the untamed west.
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
National literature emerged, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s as the nation's first writers of importance to use American scenes and themes. School textbooks were now being written by Americans for Americans. American Review the magazine began publication in 1815 (New Orleans victory year). The Bank of America was revived when it was voted by Congress in 1816 and a bigger national capital began to reis. The army expanded to 10,000 men and the navy beat the pirates of North Africa.
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
In the economy, you could see it when Americans took pride in booming manufacturing factories and when they were angered by the British when they had lower prices to try to crush Yankee factories. Also, a tariff was set, the Tariff of 1816 the first tariff in Am history instituted for the only purpose of trying to protect the Am industries. Also, Henry Clay developed a system in 1825 known as The American System. It had 3 parts: strong banking, protective tariff, and better transportation. A big thing was transportation, in 1817, congress voted to distribute 1.5 million to the states for transportation but Madison vetoed it. The Erie Canal was a big thing.
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
He continued the Virginia Dynasty and he wasn't as brilliant and great as the previous presidents, which was good because America needed sober administration, not heroics. He was an experienced and levelheaded executive with a talent for interpreting popular interests. He took a goodwill tour, supposedly to inspect military defenses. He went deep into New England and to Detroit and even in Federalist New England, he was welcomed. He was followed by newspaper people, one who announced that it was an Era of Good Feelings.
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
The causes: over-speculation, the Bank of the US, through its western branches, was deeply involved in overspeculation of frontier lands. Effects: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and over crowded debtors prisons. The Bank of the US had to force western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on lots of farms. The BUS was soon seen as a kind of financial devil. The panic also created backwashes in the political and social world; poorer classes were severely affected and there was a lot of cruelty in imprisoning debtors, sometimes mothers were torn from their babies for owing a few dollars.
Growing Pains of the West
10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
The need for balance between free and slave states. Also, it was a continuation of the tradition of moving westward and the cheap land was alluring--"the ohio fever". Newcomers wanted land and land exhaustion of tobacco was growing; this all contributed to settlement of the West. Small down payments were accepted, which made it easier. Acute economic distress during the embargo and the nonexistent threat of the indians also helped expansion. New modes of transportation made it easier to explore.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
Missouri was a slave state, at that time there were 11 free and 11 slave states. If Missouri became a state, then slave states would have more votes. So the Tallmadge amendment was passed and it stated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided gradual emancipation of children of slaves; this angered the southerners. A worry of the south was that if congress could get rid of the "peculiar institution" in Missouri, then would it do so for the older states?
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
Since Missouri was a slave state and at that time slave and free states were equal, Congress as a result, made the Missouri Compromise (suggested by Henry Clay), Missouri would be a state but they also made Maine, a free state. The 36-30 parallel was also made, both the South and the North lost and gained something: the south got Missouri as an unrestricted slave state and the north got that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
It meant that to let everything be legal/lawful and just and that it should be interpreted constitutional. Basically the constitution was written by the people so it should be used to help the people and the people would benefit from it.
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
With his firm hand in decisions, he almost single-handedly shaped the constitution along conservative, centralizing lines that ran kinda counter to the spirit of the new country; through him the dead conservative Hamiltonians party partly triumphed. Marshall's final decisions gave the Supreme Court poet and strengthened the federal government.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
Andrew Jackson. He was the physical hand in expansion while Adams was the invisible one. He hung 2 Indian chiefs and executed 2 British men for helping the Indians and he seized the 2 most important Spanish posts: St. Marks and Pensacola where he disposed of the Spanish governor. Even Adams backed him up when all the other members of the cabinet and President Monroe wanted to disavow Jackson.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
In Aug. 1823, George Canning, a haughty British foreign secretary, approached the American minister in London with a proposition. "Would the US combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory and specifically warn the Euro despots to keep their hands off the Latin American republics?" This was because both the Americans and the British was profiting from trade with the Spanish Americans.
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
It was because John Quincy Adams knew something wasn't right about the proposal. Really, Britain feared that the hostile Americans would seize Spanish territory in the Americas---like Cuba---which would endanger Britain's possessions in the Caribbean. Adams knew this alliance was unnecessary and would end up affecting American expansion. That's why he made that bold statement knowing the British boats would need to guard South America to protect their merchant trade.
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
It wasn't really important at the start, the new republics in the south thought little of it and Americans applauded it then forgot about it. in 1845 President Polk revived it and midcentury it became important. The Monroe Doctrine was like a self defense, Monroe was concerned with the safety of his own country, not Latin America. It had the power to eject trespassers, it was never a law or a pledge or agreement. It was a simple personal statement of the policy of President Monroe. It was largely an expression of the post-1812 nationalism and isolationism.
1. Jefferson’s election was considered a “revolution” because he represented the common people for the first time.
2. Troubles in North Africa and between England and France emerged. Jefferson’s actions were sluggish.
3. Trying to again avoid war with England or France, Jefferson bumbled around with an embargo. His theory was that the only way to avoid war was to stop interaction between U.S. ships and Europe. The overall effect was to kill U.S. trade and enrage the merchants and businessmen up North.
4. The Louisiana Purchase came as a complete surprise and quickly doubled the size of the U.S.
5. James Madison picked up where Jefferson left off with the embargo in trying to avoid war. But, young western Congressmen wanted war to possibly gain new land, to squelch Indian troubles, and defend the “free seas.” They declared the War of 1812 with England.
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Marbury v. Madison
It was a supreme court case that was ruled by John Marshall. Marbury sued Madison because Jefferson didn't let him become a judge. It established Judicial review.
Henry Clay
He was a congressman and a leader of the war hawks. He also had a plan for developing the US. It was called Henry Clay's American System.
Essex Junto
This was a group of New England states that wanted to separate from America and become their own country/nation, led by Aaron Burr.
Burr Conspiracy
Burr's supposed connection with the New England secession/Essex junto. A plan to create a new nation in Louisiana Territory.
Impressment
When British sailors/navy capture Am. ships and make their sailors go into the British Navy. Basically, it's when the British were kidnapping Americans and making them work in the British Navy.
Chesapeake/Leopard Incident
When a british ship tries to impress soldiers on the American ship Chesapeake. The Am. refuse to surrender and the British opened fire on the Chesapeake, killing 3 and wounding 18. All of it was seen off the Am. coast.
Non-intercourse Act
This reopened foreign trade with everyone except Britain and France. This came after the Embargo Act, as an appeasement of sorts.
Macon’s Bill No. 2
This forbid trade with Britain or France but stated that they will restart trade with whichever country that repealed their restrictions on trade first. France was first, it didn't end well for America though.
William Henry Harrison and the Battle of Tippecanoe
Harrison defeated tecumseh in the Battle of Tippecanoe, it was a victory for America.
War Hawks
Young hotheads, many from south and west, they were opponents of federalists. They were tired of hearing how their fathers defeated the British and they hated the manhandling of Am. sailors and the British Orders in Council that stopped Am. trade. Western war hawks wanted to wipe out the new indian threat.
Battle of Horseshoe bend
Jackson and some Cherokees defeated the Creeks and opened up southwest settlement.
Hartford Convention
This was a meeting of federalists at the end of the War of 1812. The party listed it's complaints against the Republicans, but this was viewed as traitorous to the country and they lost their influence.
Treaty of Ghent
This is a treaty where England and the US announced cease fire(1814). This treaty maintained prewar conditions.
Treaty of Greenville – 1795
This led the U.S to recognize the indians as a sovereignty. It ended the Northwest Indian War and gave America Ohio.
Battle of New Orleans
The British army tries to take over New Orleans but Jackson defeated them. This battle happened 2 weeks after the peace treaty; no one knew about it yet. This victory inspired American Nationalism.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
Federalist and Republican Mudslingers
Know: John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Whispering Campaign
1. What political liabilities existed for Adams and for Jefferson in 1800?
For Adam and the federalists, their Alien and Sedition Acts brought them down a lot because it caused them to have a host of enemies; also, the federalists all got ready for war by increasing public debt, a stamp tax, etc. but they didn't go to war so it was all for nothing. Also, the federalist party split and Hamilton wrote a pamphlet that attacked the president, which the Jeffersonians found and printed; also, he was the "Father of the American Navy" and his seamen were called "John Adams' Jackasses". For Jefferson, he was the victim of the first whispering campaign and accused of robbing a widow and her kids a trust fund and he fathered many mulatto children with his slave Sally Hemings. Also, his want for the separation of church and state caused many to go against him.
The Jeffersonian "Revolution of 1800"
Know: Aaron Burr
2. Was the 1800 election more or less important than the 1796 election? Explain.
Yes, because that was the end of the federalists, John Adams was the last of the federalist presidents. Also, it was a really close election. There was a deadlock and House of Reps had to decide and Jefferson just pulled through. Also, Jefferson couldn't have won without Aaron Burr because he convinced NY to Jefferson's side.
3. If the Federalists had power for such a short time, were they really that important? Explain.
Yes, because while their time was short, they helped jump start America. They created the bank and they had a huge influence on America. Without them, we wouldn't have much of anything that wasn't strictly on the constitution. Even Jefferson agreed, though he didn't like it.
Responsibility Breeds Moderation
Know: Pell-mell
4. How revolutionary was the "Revolution of 1800?"
It was revolutionary in a peaceful way. Jefferson set the precedent of sending a clerk to Congress for messages and he was an informal, down-to-earth, with the people president. He kept many of the federalist ideas and let many of the federalist public servants stay in office. Also, importantly, Jefferson established the rule of pell-mell at dinner parties, which means there was no seating with regards to rank; it miffed some people.
Jeffersonian Restraint
Know: Albert Gallatin
5. "As president, Thomas Jefferson acted more like a Federalist than like a Democratic Republican." Assess.
While Jefferson did do away with the excise tax, he left everything else Hamilton did intact. He and his Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin left the funding at par, Bank of the U.S, the mildly protective Federalist tariff alone. Also, they rechartered a bigger bank and boosted the protective tariff to higher levels later on.
The "Dead Clutch" of the Judiciary
Know: Judiciary Act of 1801, Midnight Judges, John Marshall, Marbury v. Madison, Samuel Chase
6 What was the main purpose of John Marshall as Chief Justice? How can this be seen in the Marbury v. Madison decision?
John Marshall dominated the supreme court with his powerful intellect and commanding personality. He shaped the American legal tradition. Marbury, a midnight judge, was being released from of being a judge and so he sued Madison. Marshall dismissed the suit but he used his ruling to show the part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that Marbury tried to use was wrong and in doing so, he magnified the authority of the court and it was a victory for the federalists.
Jefferson, a Reluctant Warrior
Know: Barbary States, Shores of Tripoli, Gunboats
7. How did Jefferson deal with the extortion of the Barbary States?
After war was declared indirectly by the pasha of Tripoli, Jefferson had to rise up and dispatch the infant navy to the shores of Tripoli; after 5 years, Jefferson got a treaty in 1805 with a ransom for captured Ams.
The Louisiana Godsend
Know: New Orleans, Deposit Privileges, James Monroe and Robert Livingston, Napoleon, Toussaint L'Ouverture
8. Explain two ways that history may have been different if the French had not sold Louisiana to the United States.
One way would've been there could've been another major battle/war with France and Spain over New Orleans. Another is that westward expansion wouldn't have been kick started and since the land wasn't America's any expansion would've caused fights; and America wouldn't be as big and as it is today.
Louisiana in the Long View
Know: Lewis and Clark, Sacajawea, Zebulun Pike
9. What positive consequences resulted from the Louisiana Purchase?
It let Jefferson avoid a confrontation with France and a messy alliance with England. Also, America secured the western half of the richest river valley in the world and laid the foundations of a future major power. It also set valuable precedents for future expansion and getting land by purchasing them. What's more is, it led to the expansion of America and explorers like Lewis and Clark and Zebulun Pike charted out America.
A Precarious Neutrality
Know: Orders in Council, Impressment, Chesapeake
10. In what way did the struggle between France and Britain affect the United States?
The British issued a series of Orders in Council which closed the Euro ports under French control to foreign shipping unless the vessels stopped at a British port first, which also means America. And the French ordered a seizure of all merchant ships that entered the British ports, including American. Which meant America was stuck. Also the British used impressment, they took about 6,000 Americans and when the British tried to impress the ship Chesapeake, and they refused, they attacked the ship.
The Hated Embargo
Know: Embargo Act, Non-Intercourse Act
11. Who opposed the embargo and why?
All the citizens, the southern states had tobacco and cotton and etc piling up and the economy went down a lot. The New England states even talked about secession. This even gave a spark to the dying/dead federalists against the Republicans. Three days before the end of Jefferson's presidency they made the Non-Intercourse Act, which didn't help much because it still banned trade with England and France.
Madison’s Gamble
Know: James Madison, Macon's Bill No. 2
12. How did Napoleon take advantage of American policy?
He, in a way, blackmailed America and Madison. Napoleon said that the French might repeal their prohibiting decrees if Madison traded only with France; Napoleon thought that the U.S could be a blockade for them against France and he wouldn't have to lift a finger. So America passed Macon's Bill No. 2 and it gave the British 3 months to repeal their decrees, which they didn't.
Tecumseh and the Prophet
Know: War Hawks, Henry Clay, Tecumseh, The Prophet, William Henry Harrison
13. What considerations motivated the war hawks to call for war with Great Britain?
They were tired of hearing about generations past defeating the British and hated the manhandling of American sailors and the British Orders in Council that stopped Am. trade. They also wanted to wipe out the renewed Indian threat like Tecumseh and the Prophet. The Indians made an alliance with Britain and fought for them.
"Mr. Madison's War"
Know: War of 1812
14. How and why did New England Federalists oppose the War of 1812?
Pro-British Federalists in the Northeast sympathized with Britain and resented the Republicans' sympathy with Napoleon. The federalists also opposed the acquisition of Canada, with would benefit the west states.
Chapter #12: The Second War for Independence and the Upsurge of Nationalism –
1. The U.S. vs. England fighting had a few themes: (a) U.S. lost in Canada, (b) U.S. surprisingly won at sea, (c) the two split in the Chesapeake, and (d) the U.S. won the big battle at New Orleans.
2. The war was not universally supported. Mostly, the North opposed the war since it was bad for trade. The South and West generally favored the war.
3. After the war, the U.S. could focus on herself, as with the “American System” to build up the economy.
4. In terms of expansion, a few things happened: (a) the Missouri Compromise drew an East-West line to separate slave and free states, (b) Oregon and Florida became American lands, and (c) the Monroe Doctrine warned Europe to “stay away!”
IDENTIFICATIONS:
Rush-Bagot Agreement
1817, The US and British agreed to severely limit naval armament on the lakes. This brought better relations.
Second Bank of the United States
Voted by Congress in 1816, it rose. According to Clay's plan, it provides easy and abundant credit.
Francis Cabot Lowell
He was an importer who smuggled British textile factory designs to Am. and he built the first factory that could convert raw cot ton into cloth by machine. He mostly employed single women and it was a good environment.
Era of Good Feelings
It was right after the War of 1812 and nationalism, expansionism, and industrial growth was abundant and political separation wasn't. It's also a happy phrase that has been used to describe the administrations of Monroe. It's a misnomer because while there was lots of tranquility and prosperity, it was a troubled period.
Adams-Onis Treaty
It's where Spain gave Florida to the US and the US agreed to pay the 5 million dollars of damage that Jackson caused and temporarily gave up Texas.
Panic of 1819
Economic panic defended upon the US. It brought deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and debtors' prisons. This was the first national financial panic since Washington. Created backwashes in the political and social world. People became cruel.
Tallmadge Amendment
House of Reps passed the tallmadge amendment, it said that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there. This angered the southerners.
Missouri Compromise
The south won the prize of Missouri as an unrestricted slave state and the north won the concession that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining states. Neither the north or south was super happy but they weren't completely happy either.
John Marshall
A supreme court judge, one group of his most famous decisions bolstered the power of the federal gov. at the expense of the states. A case was McCulloch v. Maryland, he declared the bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers and he strengthened federal authority and denied the right of Maryland to tax the bank. He ruled over many other cases.
Latin American Revolution
America was happy when the Latin American republics rose from the ruins of monarchy. They were scared that if the European powers intervened in the new world the republicanism cause would be harmed.
Monroe Doctrine
In 1823, nationalistic Adams won the nationalistic Monroe over to his way of thinking. Monroe told the congress on Dec. 2 1823 a warning to the European powers, non colonization and nonintervention. Basically, he declared that the Us would stay out of European wars/affairs and European powers should do the same for the newly independent states of Latin America.
GUIDED READING QUESTIONS:
On to Canada over Land and Lakes
Know: Oliver Hazard Perry, Thomas Macdonough
1. Evaluate the success of the US navy in the fight for Canada.
The American navy did much better than the army and in comparison to British ships, they were more skillful and had better gunners and were manned by non-press-gang crews who wanted to avenge the indignities. The Am. frigates had thicker sides, heavier firepower and larger crews. Oliver Hazard Perry an Am naval officer beat the British in a battle on Lake Erie and gave Am hope again. The victory of the heroic naval battle, won my Thomas Macdonough, was momentous.
Washington Burned and New Orleans Defended
Know: Francis Scott Key, Andrew Jackson, Battle of New Orleans
2. Did the United States fight the War of 1812 effectively? Explain.
No, it had it's bad defense, the burning of the capitol, and it had its good, Fort McHenry (where Francis Scott Key wrote the Star Spangled Banner). But in the Battle of New Orleans, led by Jackson, while they did defeat the British with very little loss comparatively (the British lost/wounded around 2,000 while the Am only 70) this was 2 weeks after the war officially ended and the British got revenge by ruining Am's economy.
The Treaty of Ghent
Know: Treaty of Ghent, John Quincy Adams, Henry Clay
3. Was the Treaty of Ghent advantageous to the United States? Explain.
No, it was essentially an armistice, both sides just agreed to stop fighting and to restore conquered territory. Some Americans boasted "Not One Inch of Territory Ceded or Lost".
Federalist Grievances and the Hartford Convention
Know: Blue Light Federalists, Hartford Convention
4. What did the Hartford Convention do?
Late 1814, before the victory of New Orleans, a convention of federalists made up of 26 met in secrecy for 3 weeks. Dec. 15, 1814----Jan 5, 1815 to discuss their discontent and seek redress for their wrongs. It wasn't as radical as thought to be. A minority demanded secession but most just wanted financial aid from Washington to make up for the lost trade and proposed constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before embargo, new states admitted, or war declared. These reflected federalist fears. 3 envoys were sent to Washington with these demands and were overwhelmed by the news of the Battle of NO and the ToG. So after the great news, their demands were seen as petty and the Hartford resolutions were the death of the Federalist party.
The Second War for American Independence
5. What were the long term effects of the War of 1812?
It showed the world that the Republic had shown that it would resist what it regarded as wrong. Other nations developed a new respect for America's fighting prowess and abroad emissaries were treated with less scorn. The Federalist party was dispersed and treaties were made with the Indians. The U.S and Canada came to share the world's longest unfortified boundary (5,527 mi). The Americans turned their backs on the Old World and faced the untamed west.
Nascent Nationalism
Know: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper, Stephen Decatur
6. What evidence of nationalism surfaced after the War of 1812?
National literature emerged, Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper attained international recognition in the 1820s as the nation's first writers of importance to use American scenes and themes. School textbooks were now being written by Americans for Americans. American Review the magazine began publication in 1815 (New Orleans victory year). The Bank of America was revived when it was voted by Congress in 1816 and a bigger national capital began to reis. The army expanded to 10,000 men and the navy beat the pirates of North Africa.
"The American System"
Know: Tariff of 1816, Henry Clay, The American System, Erie Canal
7. In what ways could nationalism be seen in the politics and economics of the post-war years?
In the economy, you could see it when Americans took pride in booming manufacturing factories and when they were angered by the British when they had lower prices to try to crush Yankee factories. Also, a tariff was set, the Tariff of 1816 the first tariff in Am history instituted for the only purpose of trying to protect the Am industries. Also, Henry Clay developed a system in 1825 known as The American System. It had 3 parts: strong banking, protective tariff, and better transportation. A big thing was transportation, in 1817, congress voted to distribute 1.5 million to the states for transportation but Madison vetoed it. The Erie Canal was a big thing.
The So-Called Era of Good Feelings
Know: James Monroe, Virginia Dynasty, Era of Good Feelings
8. To what extent was James Monroe's presidency an Era of Good Feelings?
He continued the Virginia Dynasty and he wasn't as brilliant and great as the previous presidents, which was good because America needed sober administration, not heroics. He was an experienced and levelheaded executive with a talent for interpreting popular interests. He took a goodwill tour, supposedly to inspect military defenses. He went deep into New England and to Detroit and even in Federalist New England, he was welcomed. He was followed by newspaper people, one who announced that it was an Era of Good Feelings.
The Panic of 1819 and the Curse of Hard Times
Know: Wildcat Banks, Panic of 1819
9. Explain the causes and effects of the Panic of 1819.
The causes: over-speculation, the Bank of the US, through its western branches, was deeply involved in overspeculation of frontier lands. Effects: deflation, depression, bankruptcies, bank failures, unemployment, soup kitchens, and over crowded debtors prisons. The Bank of the US had to force western banks to the wall and foreclosed mortgages on lots of farms. The BUS was soon seen as a kind of financial devil. The panic also created backwashes in the political and social world; poorer classes were severely affected and there was a lot of cruelty in imprisoning debtors, sometimes mothers were torn from their babies for owing a few dollars.
Growing Pains of the West
10. What factors led to the settlement of the West in the years following the War?
The need for balance between free and slave states. Also, it was a continuation of the tradition of moving westward and the cheap land was alluring--"the ohio fever". Newcomers wanted land and land exhaustion of tobacco was growing; this all contributed to settlement of the West. Small down payments were accepted, which made it easier. Acute economic distress during the embargo and the nonexistent threat of the indians also helped expansion. New modes of transportation made it easier to explore.
Slavery and the Sectional Balance
Know: Tallmadge Amendment, Peculiar Institution
11 Why was Missouri's request for statehood so explosive?
Missouri was a slave state, at that time there were 11 free and 11 slave states. If Missouri became a state, then slave states would have more votes. So the Tallmadge amendment was passed and it stated that no more slaves should be brought into Missouri and also provided gradual emancipation of children of slaves; this angered the southerners. A worry of the south was that if congress could get rid of the "peculiar institution" in Missouri, then would it do so for the older states?
The Uneasy Missouri Compromise
Know: Henry Clay, Missouri Compromise, "Firebell in the Night"
12. "Neither the North nor South was acutely displeased, although neither was completely happy." Explain.
Since Missouri was a slave state and at that time slave and free states were equal, Congress as a result, made the Missouri Compromise (suggested by Henry Clay), Missouri would be a state but they also made Maine, a free state. The 36-30 parallel was also made, both the South and the North lost and gained something: the south got Missouri as an unrestricted slave state and the north got that Congress could forbid slavery in the remaining territories.
John Marshall and Judicial Nationalism
Know: John Marshall, McCulloch v. Maryland, Loose Construction, Cohens v. Virginia, Gibbons v. Ogden
13. Explain Marshall's statement, "Let the end be legitimate,...are constitutional."
It meant that to let everything be legal/lawful and just and that it should be interpreted constitutional. Basically the constitution was written by the people so it should be used to help the people and the people would benefit from it.
Judicial Dikes Against Democratic Excesses
Know: Fletcher v. Peck, Dartmouth College v. Woodward, Daniel Webster
14. "John Marshall was the most important Federalist since George Washington." Assess.
With his firm hand in decisions, he almost single-handedly shaped the constitution along conservative, centralizing lines that ran kinda counter to the spirit of the new country; through him the dead conservative Hamiltonians party partly triumphed. Marshall's final decisions gave the Supreme Court poet and strengthened the federal government.
Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida
Know: John Quincy Adams, Treaty of 1818, Andrew Jackson, Adams-Onis Treat of 1819
15. Who was more important to American territorial expansion, Andrew Jackson or John Quincy Adams? Explain.
Andrew Jackson. He was the physical hand in expansion while Adams was the invisible one. He hung 2 Indian chiefs and executed 2 British men for helping the Indians and he seized the 2 most important Spanish posts: St. Marks and Pensacola where he disposed of the Spanish governor. Even Adams backed him up when all the other members of the cabinet and President Monroe wanted to disavow Jackson.
The Menace of Monarchy in America
Know: George Canning
16 How did Great Britain help support American desires regarding Latin America?
In Aug. 1823, George Canning, a haughty British foreign secretary, approached the American minister in London with a proposition. "Would the US combine with Britain in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory and specifically warn the Euro despots to keep their hands off the Latin American republics?" This was because both the Americans and the British was profiting from trade with the Spanish Americans.
Monroe and His Doctrine
Know: John Quincy Adams, Monroe Doctrine
17 How could a militarily weak nation like the United States make such a bold statement ordering European nations to stay out of the Americas?
It was because John Quincy Adams knew something wasn't right about the proposal. Really, Britain feared that the hostile Americans would seize Spanish territory in the Americas---like Cuba---which would endanger Britain's possessions in the Caribbean. Adams knew this alliance was unnecessary and would end up affecting American expansion. That's why he made that bold statement knowing the British boats would need to guard South America to protect their merchant trade.
Monroe's Doctrine Appraised
18. Evaluate the importance of the Monroe Doctrine in subsequent American history.
It wasn't really important at the start, the new republics in the south thought little of it and Americans applauded it then forgot about it. in 1845 President Polk revived it and midcentury it became important. The Monroe Doctrine was like a self defense, Monroe was concerned with the safety of his own country, not Latin America. It had the power to eject trespassers, it was never a law or a pledge or agreement. It was a simple personal statement of the policy of President Monroe. It was largely an expression of the post-1812 nationalism and isolationism.