Chapter #27: Identifications
Richard Olney
Secretary of State under Cleveland. Fought against the strikers from the Pullman Rebellion. He was authorized by Cleveland to deliver a message to London that the British was ignoring the Monroe Doctrine by trying to dominate Venezuela.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
He was an advocate of world power. He wrote the Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was key to world dominance. This topic started the naval race among the great powers.
Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish General who was sent to stop Cuban revolts; he set up lots of prisoner camps that caused the deaths of many people. The camps were set up to prevent help for the Insurrectos. He was also known as the Butcher Weyler.
de Lome Letter
It was written by Dupoy de Lome, a Spanish minister. In a letter, he called President McKinley bitter and weak; that letter was stolen and given to William Hearst who exaggerated the offense using yellow journalism.
Emilio Aguinaldo
The leader of the Filipino independence movement. He demanded/proclaimed independence in 1899 but his movement was crushed and he was arrested by the US Army in 1901. He went rogue.
Jingoism
When the country is patriotic in the form of aggressive foreign policies; it’s similar to TR’s Big Stick Policy. It’s aggressive nationalistic and patriotic expansion.
Teller Amendment
Act of Congress in 1898 that decreed that Cuba would be granted freedom after the US got rid of Spanish rule and it prevented Cuba from going against the US.
Rough Riders
Soldiers led by TR during the Spanish-American War. This was after TR quit his job as a naval secretary.
Anti-Imperialist League
An organization that fought against Am annexation of the Philippines. They were also against American empire. They believed in Idealism but they failed and the Philippines were annexed in 1900.
Foraker Act
Congress let the Puerto Ricans have some popular government and granted them US citizenship in 1917. It improved education, sanitation, and transportation.
Insular cases
The Am laws and culture didn’t extend to the power of Puerto Rico; the Constitution didn’t have full authority to deal with Puerto Rico.
Platt Amendment
Amendment in the new Cuban constitution and it stated that the US could interfere with Cuba to protect Am’s interests. It made Cuba pledge to not have treaties with other countries and it basically said Am can control Cuba. Am got Cuba’s naval bases, like Guantanamo Bay.
Spheres of Influence.
They are areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly.
Philippine Insurrection
Before the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filipinos. Eventually, we went to war with the Philippines.
Open Door Policy
It asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. It was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". It was ended by British troops.
Big Stick Policy
A diplomatic policy created by TR that emphasizes US power and TR's readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.
Portsmouth Conference
The conference between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those 2 countries.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them.
Root-Takahira Agreement
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
America grew hungry for empire and expansion, and became incredibly aggressive in its foreign policy Aggressive expansionism became popular in America thanks to the desire to tap overseas markets, and the rise of imperialism among the European powers seeking to expand into Africa in the 1880s and the Chinese Empire in the 1890s. The yellow press of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst described foreign exploits as manly adventures. And TR and like interpreted Darwinism to try to expand and dominate.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Cleveland, as an anti-imperialist, opposed annexation as an infringement upon a sovereign nation and tried to restore the Queen Liliuokalani.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Because of the oppressive Spanish rulers and a crippled economy, Cuban rebels launched an effort to fight for independence in 1895, using the scorched-earth policy against cane fields, sugar mills, and passenger trains Americas business interests in Cuba, atrocities committed by Spanish authorities, and Yellow Journalism served to galvanize anti-Spanish sentiment in America.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4.Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
May 1, 1898, Dewey's squadron, with 6 new warships, sailed into Manila harbor. The 10-ship Spanish fleet was completely taken by surprise. Several of the Spanish ships were so old and rotting that they could barely float. Dewey's forces quickly defeated the Spanish fleet, without a single US sailor dying. On the Spanish side, around 400 sailors died. The Maine, which most Americans than believed had been destroyed by a Spanish mine, was avenged.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War was very unorganized. Soldiers were not properly uniformed. The Rough Riders was a cavalry unit organized by TR, they were apt riders, but poor planners. They eventually had to fight on foot because they didn't account for their horses.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Am wouldn’t give the Philippines back to Spain because the Spanish were known to mistreat the Filipinos. The Philippines couldn't become self-governed because the competition for power would tear the country apart. If the Am take over the Philippines, it would give off the impression of a totalitarian regime on part of the US.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
Instead of being a technical "alien" in country, they already have citizenship. Despite being new in the county and knowing nothing (like other immigrants), they don't have to go through the naturalization process.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Improvements in sanitation, transportation, and education were taking place. Insular Cases stated that American laws and customs weren't necessarily extended to the new territories. Walter Reed and William Gorgas attempted to rid the islands of mosquitoes and yellow fever. In 1902, America honored the Teller Amendment of 1898 by withdrawing from Cuba, but not without forcing the Cubans to insert the Platt Amendment into their constitution of 1901, saying that Cuba must stick to American judgment on diplomatic and economic issues and giving America Guantanamo Bay.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
In the 113 days, the US got recognized as a major world power. John Philip Sousa's music gave a new sense to the word 'patriotism' as the nation literally marched for freedom. A stronger military force was also recognized as being necessary to remain a world power.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
Emilio Aguinaldo fought against the US for the Philippines. President McKinely chose William Taft as the civil governor. Taft chose to pursue the benevolent assimilation, which would bring the Filipinos up to date on the current civilization. Roads, sanitation, public health, etc all improved under this policy. America followed the example of the imperialistic nations in Europe and tried to conquer the Philippines as an imperialist colony that they would rule either directly or indirectly.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
Yes, while there was the Boxer rebellion: when the Chinese citizens got angry and violently protested foreign rule of their cities. After this rebellion, the Open Door Policy was accepted and China was free to trade with everyone, especially the countries that were outside their borders.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
Some were welcomed, especially those whose skills that were needed at the time, like nurses. Others did the same thing as the Mexicans and either came in illegally or came in on visas, those were not as welcomed.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
In the Republican convention of 1900, McKinley was re-nominated because of the victorious war, increased prosperity, and protection of the gold standard. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for vice president in an effort by New York party bosses to neutralize their hardheaded governor. The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan in Kansas City, who charged that Lincoln had freed 3.5 million Africans and that McKinley in contrast had enslaved 7 million Filipinos.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
He won the Nobel Prize; he was a part of the Rough Riders, his Big Stick policy, his aggressiveness.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the war, it was shown that the lack of canal meant that their navy was weak. Creating the canal would reduce travel time. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty granted the US to control the route. Philippe Bunau-Varilla was an engineer that significantly reduced the costs of building the canal.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine stated that foreign powers could not be associated with Central America, or get the wrath of the American military. The Roosevelt Corollary said that the US would intervene in Central America and collect the debts in the stead of the European countries.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Russia and Japan were in a warring state over the Manchurian area, TR was asked to arbitrate the situation. TR mediated the situation, but in turn ruined relations between the US and Japan and Russia. In addition, TR mediated another dispute in North Africa and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
As the Japanese populated California, San Francisco was the victim of a massive earthquake in 1906. As a result, the school board commanded a segregation of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese students. The Gentlemen's Agreement stipulated that the school board would repeal the segregations, but the Japanese and the Chinese would not emigrate any more laborers to California.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
Race and gender are what propelled America into imperialism. In that time, masculinity was the powerful dominance over the world and the expansion westward was an opportunity to display that characteristic through cowboys and gold diggers. The idea of dominance over countries even farther west appealed to the masses that were looking for an adventure. The Anglo-Saxon supremacy also contributed because the arrogance of whites looking for domination help push for the conquering of countries such as Cuba and the Philippines. When men such as Theodore Roosevelt expanded imperialism, it caught on like wildfire. Also, the thought of manifest destiny and Darwinism brought imperialism about.
Richard Olney
Secretary of State under Cleveland. Fought against the strikers from the Pullman Rebellion. He was authorized by Cleveland to deliver a message to London that the British was ignoring the Monroe Doctrine by trying to dominate Venezuela.
Alfred Thayer Mahan
He was an advocate of world power. He wrote the Influence of Sea Power upon History, which argued that control of the sea was key to world dominance. This topic started the naval race among the great powers.
Valeriano Weyler
A Spanish General who was sent to stop Cuban revolts; he set up lots of prisoner camps that caused the deaths of many people. The camps were set up to prevent help for the Insurrectos. He was also known as the Butcher Weyler.
de Lome Letter
It was written by Dupoy de Lome, a Spanish minister. In a letter, he called President McKinley bitter and weak; that letter was stolen and given to William Hearst who exaggerated the offense using yellow journalism.
Emilio Aguinaldo
The leader of the Filipino independence movement. He demanded/proclaimed independence in 1899 but his movement was crushed and he was arrested by the US Army in 1901. He went rogue.
Jingoism
When the country is patriotic in the form of aggressive foreign policies; it’s similar to TR’s Big Stick Policy. It’s aggressive nationalistic and patriotic expansion.
Teller Amendment
Act of Congress in 1898 that decreed that Cuba would be granted freedom after the US got rid of Spanish rule and it prevented Cuba from going against the US.
Rough Riders
Soldiers led by TR during the Spanish-American War. This was after TR quit his job as a naval secretary.
Anti-Imperialist League
An organization that fought against Am annexation of the Philippines. They were also against American empire. They believed in Idealism but they failed and the Philippines were annexed in 1900.
Foraker Act
Congress let the Puerto Ricans have some popular government and granted them US citizenship in 1917. It improved education, sanitation, and transportation.
Insular cases
The Am laws and culture didn’t extend to the power of Puerto Rico; the Constitution didn’t have full authority to deal with Puerto Rico.
Platt Amendment
Amendment in the new Cuban constitution and it stated that the US could interfere with Cuba to protect Am’s interests. It made Cuba pledge to not have treaties with other countries and it basically said Am can control Cuba. Am got Cuba’s naval bases, like Guantanamo Bay.
Spheres of Influence.
They are areas in which countries have some political and economic control but do not govern directly.
Philippine Insurrection
Before the Philippines were annexed by the U.S. there existed tension between U.S. troops and Filipinos. Eventually, we went to war with the Philippines.
Open Door Policy
It asked powerful and influential countries to respect Chinese rights and promote fair trade with low tariffs. It was accepted by other countries and prevented any country from creating a monopoly on Chinese trade.
Boxer Rebellion
1899 rebellion in Beijing, China started by a secret society of Chinese who opposed the "foreign devils". It was ended by British troops.
Big Stick Policy
A diplomatic policy created by TR that emphasizes US power and TR's readiness to use military force if necessary. It is a way of intimidating countries without actually harming them and was the basis of U.S. imperialistic foreign policy.
Roosevelt Corollary
Roosevelt's extension of the Monroe Doctrine in 1904, stating that the United States has the right to protect its economic interests in South And Central America by using military force.
Portsmouth Conference
The conference between Japan, Russia, and the U.S. that ended the Russo-Japanese War in 1905. Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize for stopping the fighting between those 2 countries.
Gentlemen’s Agreement
Japan agreed to curb the number of workers coming to the US and in exchange Roosevelt agreed to allow the wives of the Japanese men already living in the US to join them.
Root-Takahira Agreement
1908 - Japan / U.S. agreement in which both nations agreed to respect each other's territories in the Pacific and to uphold the Open Door policy in China.
Chapter #27: Identifications
America Turns Outward
Know: Josiah Strong, Alfred Mahan, Richard Olney, British Guiana, Great Rapprochement
1. What factors caused America to turn its attention to the world beyond her borders?
America grew hungry for empire and expansion, and became incredibly aggressive in its foreign policy Aggressive expansionism became popular in America thanks to the desire to tap overseas markets, and the rise of imperialism among the European powers seeking to expand into Africa in the 1880s and the Chinese Empire in the 1890s. The yellow press of Joseph Pulitzer and William Randolph Hearst described foreign exploits as manly adventures. And TR and like interpreted Darwinism to try to expand and dominate.
Spurning the Hawaiian Pear
Know: Queen Liliuokalani
2. Why did President Cleveland not want to annex Hawaii?
Cleveland, as an anti-imperialist, opposed annexation as an infringement upon a sovereign nation and tried to restore the Queen Liliuokalani.
Cubans Rise in Revolt
Know: General Weyler
3. What was happening in Cuba that caused Americans to be concerned?
Because of the oppressive Spanish rulers and a crippled economy, Cuban rebels launched an effort to fight for independence in 1895, using the scorched-earth policy against cane fields, sugar mills, and passenger trains Americas business interests in Cuba, atrocities committed by Spanish authorities, and Yellow Journalism served to galvanize anti-Spanish sentiment in America.
Dewey's May Day Victory at Manila
Know: Teddy Roosevelt, George Dewey
4.Why did Commodore Dewey have such an easy victory over the Spanish fleet at the Philippines?
May 1, 1898, Dewey's squadron, with 6 new warships, sailed into Manila harbor. The 10-ship Spanish fleet was completely taken by surprise. Several of the Spanish ships were so old and rotting that they could barely float. Dewey's forces quickly defeated the Spanish fleet, without a single US sailor dying. On the Spanish side, around 400 sailors died. The Maine, which most Americans than believed had been destroyed by a Spanish mine, was avenged.
The Confused Invasion of Cuba
Know: Rough Riders, Teddy Roosevelt, San Juan Hill
5. Describe the fighting in Cuba.
The Spanish-American War was very unorganized. Soldiers were not properly uniformed. The Rough Riders was a cavalry unit organized by TR, they were apt riders, but poor planners. They eventually had to fight on foot because they didn't account for their horses.
America's Course (Curse?) of Empire
Know: Anti-Imperialist League
6. What were the arguments for and against the annexation of the Philippines?
The Am wouldn’t give the Philippines back to Spain because the Spanish were known to mistreat the Filipinos. The Philippines couldn't become self-governed because the competition for power would tear the country apart. If the Am take over the Philippines, it would give off the impression of a totalitarian regime on part of the US.
Makers of America: The Puerto Ricans
7. How has U.S. citizenship caused Puerto Ricans to be different from other immigrants?
Instead of being a technical "alien" in country, they already have citizenship. Despite being new in the county and knowing nothing (like other immigrants), they don't have to go through the naturalization process.
Perplexities in Puerto Rico and Cuba
Know: Insular Cases, General Leonard Wood, Walter Reed, Platt Amendment, Guantanamo
8. Describe American treatment of Cuba after the Spanish-American War.
Improvements in sanitation, transportation, and education were taking place. Insular Cases stated that American laws and customs weren't necessarily extended to the new territories. Walter Reed and William Gorgas attempted to rid the islands of mosquitoes and yellow fever. In 1902, America honored the Teller Amendment of 1898 by withdrawing from Cuba, but not without forcing the Cubans to insert the Platt Amendment into their constitution of 1901, saying that Cuba must stick to American judgment on diplomatic and economic issues and giving America Guantanamo Bay.
New Horizons in Two Hemispheres
9. What were the outcomes of the Spanish-American War?
In the 113 days, the US got recognized as a major world power. John Philip Sousa's music gave a new sense to the word 'patriotism' as the nation literally marched for freedom. A stronger military force was also recognized as being necessary to remain a world power.
"Little Brown Brothers" in the Philippines
Know: William Howard Taft, Benevolent Assimilation
10. In what way do the Philippines show the good and bad sides of American imperialism?
Emilio Aguinaldo fought against the US for the Philippines. President McKinely chose William Taft as the civil governor. Taft chose to pursue the benevolent assimilation, which would bring the Filipinos up to date on the current civilization. Roads, sanitation, public health, etc all improved under this policy. America followed the example of the imperialistic nations in Europe and tried to conquer the Philippines as an imperialist colony that they would rule either directly or indirectly.
Hinging the Open Door in China
Know: Boxer Rebellion
11. Was American involvement in China beneficial to China?
Yes, while there was the Boxer rebellion: when the Chinese citizens got angry and violently protested foreign rule of their cities. After this rebellion, the Open Door Policy was accepted and China was free to trade with everyone, especially the countries that were outside their borders.
Makers of America: The Filipinos
12. Were Filipino immigrants welcomed with open arms in America? Explain.
Some were welcomed, especially those whose skills that were needed at the time, like nurses. Others did the same thing as the Mexicans and either came in illegally or came in on visas, those were not as welcomed.
Imperialism or Bryanism in 1900?
13. What issues were important in the 1900 election?
In the Republican convention of 1900, McKinley was re-nominated because of the victorious war, increased prosperity, and protection of the gold standard. Theodore Roosevelt was nominated for vice president in an effort by New York party bosses to neutralize their hardheaded governor. The Democrats nominated William Jennings Bryan in Kansas City, who charged that Lincoln had freed 3.5 million Africans and that McKinley in contrast had enslaved 7 million Filipinos.
TR: Brandisher of the Big Stick
Know: Big Stick, Bully Pulpit
14. Give evidence to show that Teddy Roosevelt was an unconventional president?
He won the Nobel Prize; he was a part of the Rough Riders, his Big Stick policy, his aggressiveness.
Building the Panama Canal
Know: Hay-Pauncefote Treaty, Philippe Bunau-Varilla, George Washington Goethals, William C. Gorgas
15. Why was the Panama route chosen for the canal?
During the war, it was shown that the lack of canal meant that their navy was weak. Creating the canal would reduce travel time. The Hay-Pauncefote Treaty granted the US to control the route. Philippe Bunau-Varilla was an engineer that significantly reduced the costs of building the canal.
TR's Perversion of Monroe's Doctrine
Know: Roosevelt Corollary, Dominican Republic, Bad Neighbor
16. Explain the similarities and differences between the Monroe Doctrine and the Roosevelt Corollary?
The Monroe Doctrine stated that foreign powers could not be associated with Central America, or get the wrath of the American military. The Roosevelt Corollary said that the US would intervene in Central America and collect the debts in the stead of the European countries.
Roosevelt on the World Stage
Know: Russo-Japanese War, Portsmouth
17. How did Teddy Roosevelt win the Nobel Peace Prize?
When Russia and Japan were in a warring state over the Manchurian area, TR was asked to arbitrate the situation. TR mediated the situation, but in turn ruined relations between the US and Japan and Russia. In addition, TR mediated another dispute in North Africa and was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
Japanese Laborers in California
Know: Gentlemen’s Agreement, Great White Fleet
18. How did a school board in California act in a way that first hurt and then helped American-Japanese relations?
As the Japanese populated California, San Francisco was the victim of a massive earthquake in 1906. As a result, the school board commanded a segregation of Chinese, Korean, and Japanese students. The Gentlemen's Agreement stipulated that the school board would repeal the segregations, but the Japanese and the Chinese would not emigrate any more laborers to California.
Varying Viewpoints: Why did America Become a World Power?
19. What caused America's foray into imperialism? Defend your opinion.
Race and gender are what propelled America into imperialism. In that time, masculinity was the powerful dominance over the world and the expansion westward was an opportunity to display that characteristic through cowboys and gold diggers. The idea of dominance over countries even farther west appealed to the masses that were looking for an adventure. The Anglo-Saxon supremacy also contributed because the arrogance of whites looking for domination help push for the conquering of countries such as Cuba and the Philippines. When men such as Theodore Roosevelt expanded imperialism, it caught on like wildfire. Also, the thought of manifest destiny and Darwinism brought imperialism about.