Chapter #30: The War to End War – Big Picture Themes
1. President Wilson outlined the war’s objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars.
2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War.
3. Women went to work more than they’d ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units.
4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans.
5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilson’s “League of Nations.”
6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didn’t wish to turn over America’s decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
He headed the committee in Public Information. He had to sell America on the War. He was a propagandist and he went a little "too" far selling the war.
Bernard Baruch
He was the head of war industries board; to help economic confusion, he attempted to impose some order on the U.S. war production.
Henry Cabot Lodge
He was an enemy of Wilson, head of Senate Committee on Foreign relations, and a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty.
James M. Cox
Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio, and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920.
Self-Determination
It’s the ability of a government to determine their own course using their own free will.
Collective security
It’s a system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all.
Normalcy
To return to normal life after the war.
Zimmerman Note
Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance which tempted the anti-Yanks to think they could get Texas back and so it sparked the war.
Fourteen Points
Was Wilson's revolutionary ideas. It was war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
League of Nations
was an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Committee on Public Information
It was led by George Creel and was used to make America believe war was good.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Espionage: was passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. Sedition: added to Espionage Act, this act deemed any "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution-- the reason why Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned.
Industrial Workers of the World
A radical union established in Chicago in 1905; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the Federal Government under the Espionage Act
War Industries Board
It was headed by Bernard Baruch; was used to help economic affairs during war, but it failed quickly.
Nineteenth Amendment
Women’s suffrage. Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
Food Administration
It was led by Herbert Hoover, his campaigns (meatless tuesdays, wheatless wednesdays, etc) increased food exports and farming production drastically.
Irreconcilables
They were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.
Treaty of Versailles
It was created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans started sinking American U-boats and then a Russian revolution toppled tsars, so that America could join the Allies without having to be on the same side as the Russians.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
To make thw world safe for democracy and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. It gave America an idealism, because the other combatants were after territories or riches.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
This was a speech Wilson gave to Congress on Jan. 8,1918 to keep America confident, inspire the Allies to keep fighting. These are the first 5 points: a proposal to abolish secret treaties, a freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustent of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
They became passionate about defending democracy for America and the world. Also from propaganda by people like George Creel and the Committee on Public Information.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
If you voiced any opposition to the American war effort, you could be convicted and sent to prison. Like the Espionage act and Sedition act.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Americans were not fully prepared, they didn’t know how to build weapons and machinery for a war effort, and states did not want economic control by the federal govt.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
It stifled the labor movement and led to violent and bloody confrontations
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
It gave we workforce and women a chance to enter the ier workforce and redefine their traditional roles.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Yes, the government called for voluntary measures but the war propaganda was so strong that people were pressured into conforming.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Yes, the government let soldiers have a say in desicions but also started work-out sessions to stay in shape.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops were used to fight with the Russians so that Russian ammunitions wouldn't fall into German hands.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The Americans provided thousands of young fresh, patriotic soldiers to fight in the war.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
America made Germany think that the US had unlimited reserves of soldiers to help the Allies conitue fighting against them.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson broke his promise of "Politics Adjourned" by backing Democrats in the congressional elections.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He bargained with the idea that the Allies would not take the conquered colonies, but the league of Nations would appoint countries to be "trustees" of these territories.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson agreed to the "Security Treaty" which promised France that both America and Britain would come to its aid if Germany ever attacked. Wilson angered the Italians by giving a valuable seaport to Yugoslavia instead of Italy, Wilson angered China, by bowing to Japanese pressure and giving Japan temporary ownership of China's Shandong Peninsula.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Because he promised to save his League of Nations and to keep Imperialism in check in Europe.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists criticized it because they did not want to interfere with foreign countries. Some Americans were upset because it either wasn't harsh enough on Germany or wasn't favorable enough to their native lands.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
He wanted to generate support for the League of Nations.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
It was deadlocked and Wilson hated the Lodge and refused to let it pass.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The country was more interested in isolating themselves than in world peace.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Most of it since it was the country that spearheaded the treaty and abandoned it.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was pretty realistic since he realized that the striving of cooperation, equality, and justice among nations was the only thing that would prevent future wars.
1. President Wilson outlined the war’s objectives with his Fourteen Points. They set the goals of free seas, self-determination after the war, and establishing a body to prevent future wars.
2. A military draft was instituted, the first since the Civil War.
3. Women went to work more than they’d ever done and black soldiers were drafted into the military into segregated units.
4. The Americans focussed their military effort in protecting Paris from the Germans.
5. At the Treaty of Versailles, Wilson agreed to allow England and France to punish Germany for the war. In return, they agreed to start Wilson’s “League of Nations.”
6. However, the US Senate rejected the Treaty/League. They didn’t wish to turn over America’s decision-making to a foreign body like the League of Nations.
Chapter #30 Identifications
George Creel
He headed the committee in Public Information. He had to sell America on the War. He was a propagandist and he went a little "too" far selling the war.
Bernard Baruch
He was the head of war industries board; to help economic confusion, he attempted to impose some order on the U.S. war production.
Henry Cabot Lodge
He was an enemy of Wilson, head of Senate Committee on Foreign relations, and a Republican who disagreed with the Versailles Treaty.
James M. Cox
Governor of Ohio, U.S. Representative from Ohio, and Democratic candidate for President of the United States in the election of 1920.
Self-Determination
It’s the ability of a government to determine their own course using their own free will.
Collective security
It’s a system in which a group of nations act as one to preserve the peace of all.
Normalcy
To return to normal life after the war.
Zimmerman Note
Arthur Zimmerman secretly proposed a German-Mexican alliance which tempted the anti-Yanks to think they could get Texas back and so it sparked the war.
Fourteen Points
Was Wilson's revolutionary ideas. It was war aims outlined by President Wilson in 1918, which he believed would promote lasting peace; called for self-determination, freedom of the seas, free trade, end to secret agreements, reduction of arms and a league of nations.
League of Nations
was an international organization formed in 1920 to promote cooperation and peace among nations
Committee on Public Information
It was led by George Creel and was used to make America believe war was good.
Espionage and Sedition Acts
Espionage: was passed after the United States entered WWI, imposed sentences of up to twenty years on anyone found guilty of aiding the enemy, obstructing recruitment of soldiers, or encouraging disloyalty. It allowed the postmaster general to remove from the mail any materials that incited treason or insurrection. Sedition: added to Espionage Act, this act deemed any "disloyal, profane, scurrilous, or abusive language" about the American form of government, the Constitution, the flag, or the armed forces as criminal and worthy of prosecution-- the reason why Eugene V. Debs was imprisoned.
Industrial Workers of the World
A radical union established in Chicago in 1905; its opposition to World War I led to its destruction by the Federal Government under the Espionage Act
War Industries Board
It was headed by Bernard Baruch; was used to help economic affairs during war, but it failed quickly.
Nineteenth Amendment
Women’s suffrage. Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1920) extended the right to vote to women in federal or state elections.
Food Administration
It was led by Herbert Hoover, his campaigns (meatless tuesdays, wheatless wednesdays, etc) increased food exports and farming production drastically.
Irreconcilables
They were Republicans who wanted no part with the League of Nations. They were a burden to the vote on the League of Nations and had a part in its failure to pass.
Treaty of Versailles
It was created by the leaders victorious allies Nations: France, Britain, US, and signed by Germany to help stop WWI. The treaty 1)stripped Germany of all Army, Navy, Airforce. 2) Germany had to repair war damages 3) Germany had to acknowledge guilt for causing WWI 4) Germany could not manufacture any weapons.
Chapter #30 Guided Reading Questions
War by Act of Germany
Know: "Peace without Victory," Unlimited Submarine Warfare, Arthur Zimmermann
1. What events led Woodrow Wilson to ask Congress to declare war?
The Germans started sinking American U-boats and then a Russian revolution toppled tsars, so that America could join the Allies without having to be on the same side as the Russians.
Wilsonian Idealism Enthroned
Know: Jeannette Rankin
2. Name Wilson’s twin war aims. How did these set America apart from the other combatants?
To make thw world safe for democracy and to prevent a hyper-destructive war. It gave America an idealism, because the other combatants were after territories or riches.
Wilson’s Fourteen Potent Points
Know: Fourteen Points
3. List several of Wilson’s Fourteen Points.
This was a speech Wilson gave to Congress on Jan. 8,1918 to keep America confident, inspire the Allies to keep fighting. These are the first 5 points: a proposal to abolish secret treaties, a freedom of the seas, a removal of economic barriers, a reduction of armament burdens, and an adjustent of colonial claims.
Creel Manipulates Minds
Know: Committee on Public Information, George Creel, Four-minute Men, The Hun, Over There
4. How were Americans motivated to help in the war effort?
They became passionate about defending democracy for America and the world. Also from propaganda by people like George Creel and the Committee on Public Information.
Enforcing Loyalty and Stifling Dissent
Know: Liberty Cabbage, Espionage Act, Sedition Act, Eugene V. Debs, William D. Haywood
5. How was loyalty forced during WWI?
If you voiced any opposition to the American war effort, you could be convicted and sent to prison. Like the Espionage act and Sedition act.
The Nation’s Factories Go to War
Know: Bernard Baruch, War Industries Board
6. Why was it difficult to mobilize industry for the war effort?
Americans were not fully prepared, they didn’t know how to build weapons and machinery for a war effort, and states did not want economic control by the federal govt.
Workers in Wartime
Know: "Work or Fight," National War Labor Board, Wobblies
7. How did the war affect the labor movement?
It stifled the labor movement and led to violent and bloody confrontations
Suffering Until Suffrage
Know: NAWSA, 19th Amendment, Women’s Bureau
8. How did the war affect women?
It gave we workforce and women a chance to enter the ier workforce and redefine their traditional roles.
Forging a War Economy
Know: Food Administration, Herbert Hoover, Meatless Tuesdays, Eighteenth Amendment, Heatless Mondays, Liberty Bonds
9. Did government become too intrusive in people’s lives during the war? Give examples to support your answer.
Yes, the government called for voluntary measures but the war propaganda was so strong that people were pressured into conforming.
Making Plowboys into Doughboys
10. Was the government’s effort to raise an army fair and effective?
Yes, the government let soldiers have a say in desicions but also started work-out sessions to stay in shape.
Fighting in France--Belatedly
11. How were American troops used in Russia?
American troops were used to fight with the Russians so that Russian ammunitions wouldn't fall into German hands.
America Helps Hammer the Hun
Know: Marshal Foch, John J. Pershing, Meuse-Argonne Offensive, Alvin York
12. Describe the effect of the American troops on the fighting.
The Americans provided thousands of young fresh, patriotic soldiers to fight in the war.
The Fourteen Points Disarm Germany
Know: Armistice
13. What role did America play in bringing Germany to surrender?
America made Germany think that the US had unlimited reserves of soldiers to help the Allies conitue fighting against them.
Wilson Steps Down from Olympus
Know: Henry Cabot Lodge
14. What political mistakes hurt Wilson in the months following the armistice?
Wilson broke his promise of "Politics Adjourned" by backing Democrats in the congressional elections.
The Idealist Battles the Imperialists in Paris
Know: Vittorio Orlando, David Lloyd George, Georges Clemenceau, League of Nations
15. How did Wilson’s desire for the League of Nations affect his bargaining at the peace conference?
He bargained with the idea that the Allies would not take the conquered colonies, but the league of Nations would appoint countries to be "trustees" of these territories.
Hammering Out the Treaty
Know: William Borah, Hiram Johnson, Irreconcilables
16. What compromises did Wilson make at the peace conference?
Wilson agreed to the "Security Treaty" which promised France that both America and Britain would come to its aid if Germany ever attacked. Wilson angered the Italians by giving a valuable seaport to Yugoslavia instead of Italy, Wilson angered China, by bowing to Japanese pressure and giving Japan temporary ownership of China's Shandong Peninsula.
The Peace Treaty That Bred a New War
Know: Treaty of Versailles
17. For what reasons did Wilson compromise his 14 Points?
Because he promised to save his League of Nations and to keep Imperialism in check in Europe.
The Domestic Parade of Prejudice
18. Why was the treaty criticized back in America?
Isolationists criticized it because they did not want to interfere with foreign countries. Some Americans were upset because it either wasn't harsh enough on Germany or wasn't favorable enough to their native lands.
Wilson’s Tour and Collapse (1919)
19. What was the purpose and result of Wilson’s trip around the country when he returned to America?
He wanted to generate support for the League of Nations.
Defeat Through Deadlock
20. Why was the treaty finally rejected?
It was deadlocked and Wilson hated the Lodge and refused to let it pass.
The "Solemn Referendum" of 1920
Know: Warren Harding, James M. Cox, Normalcy
21. What did the results of the 1920 election indicate?
The country was more interested in isolating themselves than in world peace.
The Betrayal of Great Expectations
22. How much should the U.S. be blamed for the failure of the Treaty of Versailles?
Most of it since it was the country that spearheaded the treaty and abandoned it.
Varying Viewpoints: Woodrow Wilson: Realist or Idealist?
Know: Realism, Idealism, Wilsonianism
23. To what extent was Wilson realistic when he called for a world of cooperation, equality and justice among nations?
Wilson was pretty realistic since he realized that the striving of cooperation, equality, and justice among nations was the only thing that would prevent future wars.